Qing Dynasty

QING DYNASTY FLAG!!!

Introduction

The Qing dynasty is the last dynsty of China, it was lasted for 268 years and with the ruling of 11 emperors. Qing dynasty was established by the Manchu people. The Qing dynasty encourage people to reclaim the wasteland, construct irrigation system, reduce people taxes and also gave some land to the farmers.

Date of Power

The Qing Dynasty has became powerful in the year 1641, and the power was ended in the year 1911. The reason why the Qing dynasty took over the Ming dynasty because the Ming had done many terrible stuffs to the citizens such as suffered from the social life, increased of taxes and also the huge increased of population, which made the farmers worked harder oresle they won't be enough food for all the citizen. The Manchu can't stand for it anymore. So at last, the Ming was overthrowned by the Qing dynasty or the Manchu leader.

Religion of QING Dynasty

As rulers of the cultural superior realm of China, the Qing emperors adopted the state policy of Confucianism as their official religion. The emperor went under all of the sacrifices for Heaven (at the Altar of Heaven Tiantan 天壇 in Beijing), Earth, and his ancestors. Confucius was highly respected as the greatest of the Saints. Indeed, the most of the buildings of Confucius' home court in Qufu 曲阜/Shandong were straight during the Qing Dynasty. Daoism lived as a popular religion since the advent of Buddhism. and was accepted as one of the Three Religions of China (Sanjiao 三教: Confucianism Rujiao 儒教, Daoism Daojiao 道教, and Buddhism Fojiao 佛教). Like the Mongol rulers, the Qing emperors who had made an alliance with the Mongols, followed Tibetian Lamaism as a special religion because of political reasons: The Tibetian rulers accepted the nominal Qing sovereignity over Tibet, but they wanted to have Lamaist monasteries in Beijing and a Tibetian ambassador staying in the Qing capital. Islam (Yisilanjiao 伊斯蘭教) was widespread among the population of Chinese Turkestan. This foreign religion had no importance throughout Chinese history until the middle of the 19th century. Christianity had made first steps during the end of Ming Dynasty. The Jesuit patres and court astronomers Adam Schall von Bell (Chinese: Tang Ruowang 湯若望) and Ferdinand Verbiest could win the confidence of the Shunzhi and Kangxi Emperors. Bell introduced the solar calendar to China with a 365 day year and 7 day weeks. Like Matteo Ricci, they tried to win the imperial court and the highest choice for Christianity without touching Chinese customs and beliefs, like ancestor respected and state sacrifices to Heaven. Many performances of Catholic religion indeed resembled Buddhist practices, like incantations, bells, ceremonial prayers, processions, pictures, relics, and so on. The Vatican tried to obviate the missionary way of the Jesuits in China. The theological reason was that the Chinese did not believe in immaterial substances that can be separated from matter, and that they did not see a difference between natural order and human moral law. The downfall of Christianity in China came when the Kangxi Emperor decided that the Jesuits - being his own officials - could not obey orders from Rome. In 1773, the Jesuit order was dissolved worldwide. If we believe in the sources, some 100,000 Christians may have lived in China at the end of the 17th century. French and American missionaries would be the next, but their way to convert the Chinese would be a very different one.

Leaders of the civilization

1626-1643 Huang Taiji

1662-1722 Kangxi

(in the year of 1662 to 1912 is the period of agriculture,art and traditional stuff)

1736-1795 Qianlong

1908-1912 Xuantong Emperor

Accomplishment

During its reign, the Qing dynsty managed to develop new prosperity.
New things invented for agriculture.(e.g. new fertilizers)
Crops from the New World (tobacco, maize, & potatoes) are introduced.
The territory of China was doubled from 1,532,800-sq. mi. to 4,278,000-sq. mi.
Enlightened taxation policies

One of the three Important Vases in QING Dynasty

This tea caddy was created during the Qing Dynasty (1662- 1722), when Emperor Kang-hsi reigned. The author of this tea caddy is unknown, but we can predict that it was probably made by a Chinese artisan, who was very skillful at producing work of art because this is a exquisite piece of art. We can assume that this was probably a gift to a new married couple because of its meanings.
The tea caddy from the Qing Dynasty is decorated with dragons, phoenixes, and a sun. Chinese believed designs with dragons and phoenixes symbolize harmony, happy marriage and owning such piece of art will bring propitious to the entire family; these two creatures are also honored and very sacred according to Chinese beliefs. The caddy is made in wu-ts'ai enamel, which is also known as five-color enamel. In this piece of cloisonné art, the five-colors consist of red, yellow, blue, green, and purple. Because of these bright colored enamels, this tea caddy appears very colorful. Using wu-ts'ai enamel to produce this tea caddy is one of the reasons why the texture is very smooth and shiny. This tea caddy is overall round in shape; it's shape much like a pumpkin.

Fall of QING Dynasty

During the period of time around 1900, the enemies of the Qing Dynasty were led by Dr. Sun Yat Sen. He was educated in a American school in Hawaii, and had seen many other countries in the world. Sub Yat Sen saw how some of the other countries in the world were so much more advanced in technology than China. He thought that in order to help it become as advanced as some other countries. China would have to become a republic. This was because the Qing Dynasty, lad by the Manchu, who opposed and refused to have any changes made. By the year 1911, Dr Sun Yat Sen had tried ten times to start a revolution, although there was no success.
In 1911, China's economy was in a very difficult situation. Harvests failed, and the peasants were distressed. The wealthy people were not pleased, either because of the amount of money the government was asking them to pay for tax. By September of 1911, a rebellion led by Sun Yat Sen had started in the Siechuan Province.

The rebels were very powerful now. On October 10th, the Manchu's new army left their base and sided with them. Even the retired Manchu general Yuan Shikai were on the side of the rebels, who elected him president. In return, Yuan Shikai managed to convince the Manchu emperor and regent to form a republic.

On February 12th, 1912, the Manchu emperor Pu'u Yi stepped down from his throne, and his edict of abdication said:

"Today the people of the whole empire have their minds bent on a republic, the southern Provinces having begun the movement, and the northern generals having subsequently supported it. The will of providence is clear and the people's wishes are plain. How could I, for the glory and honor of one family, oppose the wishes of teeming millions? Wherefore I, with the Emperor, decide that the form of government in China shall be a Constitutional Republic."
So the Qing dynasty ended, and China is now the Republic of China.

Bibliography

http://www.npm.gov.tw/english/collection/collection.htm

http://www.lcsc.edu/modchinu3s1p1.htm

http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefMedia.aspx?refid=461536388